What does nonverbal communication NOT include?

Nonverbal communication encompasses various forms of expression that do not involve spoken or written words. This includes body language, which refers to gestures, facial expressions, and movements that convey messages. Voice pitch, while related to spoken communication, also plays a significant role in nonverbal cues, as it can convey emotions and attitudes. Posture is another critical aspect of nonverbal communication, as it reflects confidence, openness, and other feelings.

Written communication, on the other hand, relies on text and symbols to convey meaning, which distinctly separates it from nonverbal methods. While written communication can express thoughts and ideas, it does not involve physical gestures, facial expressions, or vocal tones, which are essential components of nonverbal interaction. This distinction helps clarify why written communication is not considered a part of nonverbal communication.